Atomic force microscope (AFM) has been developed at first for topography imaging; in addition, it is used for characterization of mechanical properties. Most researches have been primarily focused on rectangular single-beam probes to make vibration models simple. Recently, the U-shaped AFM probe is employed to determine sample elastic properties and has been developed to heat samples locally. I...

Fabrication and characterization of U-shaped fiber optic pH probes utilizing evanescent field absorption spectroscopy and dye doped solgel immobilization technology are presented. The U-shaped probe is used to increase the evanescent field in the film and hence its interaction with the dyes present in the film. The influences of bending radius of the probe and the numerical aperture of the fibe...

The study proposes a small U-shaped bending-induced interference optical fiber sensor; this novel sensor is a probe-type sensor manufactured using a mechanical device, a heat source, optical fiber and a packaging module. This probe-type sensor overcomes the shortcomings of conventional optical fibers, including being difficult to repair and a tendency to be influenced by external forces. We man...

U-shaped learning is a learning behaviour in which the learner first learns something, then unlearns it and finally relearns it. Such a behaviour, observed by psychologists, for example, in the learning of past-tenses of English verbs, has been widely discussed among psychologists and cognitive scientists as a fundamental example of the non-monotonicity of learning. Previous theory literature h...